External assistance

External assistance is information or advice that a player deliberately obtains or uses during a game from a source outside the player's own analysis. It can come from another person, a device, a book, notes, messages, a game database, or an analysis tool.

Engine assistance, meaning the use of a program that calculates moves, is only one subtype. A coach suggesting a move, a spectator giving a signal, or prepared notes containing move sequences can also be prohibited help. The advice need not be correct or lead to victory. Under the applicable rules, deliberate use or an attempted use may be enough.

Using books, friends, or software after a game has ended is a normal way to study. The crucial distinction is whether the help is used while the competitive game is still active. Event regulations can add specific prohibitions and procedures.