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A pawn’s optional first move of two squares, legal only when both squares ahead are empty.

A special pawn capture that immediately takes a pawn just advanced two squares as though it had advanced one.

A temporary chance to capture an enemy pawn immediately after its initial two-square advance.

Promotion replaces a pawn that reaches the last row with a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color.

The rank farthest from a pawn's starting side, where that pawn must become another piece.

A square on the farthest rank that a pawn reaches and must use to become another piece.

A queen, rook, bishop, or knight that replaces a pawn when it reaches the last rank.

Promotion in which a pawn reaching the farthest row is replaced by a new queen of the same color.

Underpromotion means promoting a pawn to a rook, bishop, or knight instead of choosing a queen.